我相信大多数的企业管理者都或多或少接触过ERP,或者至少听说过ERP,毕竟ERP作为多年前就开始成为企业信息化的主力和核心管理系统,大多数的大中型企业已经实施甚至多次实施过ERP系统。当然,如果你从来没有听到过ERP这个词,也没关系,这里就给大家做一个科普。
ERP系统涉及企业生产、计划、仓库、市场、采购、财务等多个主要部门的业务,内部逻辑也非常复杂,一篇短文没法面面俱到,但是我尽量使用最简单,最通俗易懂的话将ERP的基本内容给解释清楚。
ERP是企业资源计划(Enterprise Resource Planning)的缩写,“企业资源计划”这个中文名平常没人会这么称呼,因为它是从英文直译过来的,听起来极其拗口,不过我们可以简单看一下其中的关键词:企业、资源和计划,这里先不分析为什么会有这个名字,我们先从它的系统功能说起,后面自然而然就可以理解。
首先我用一句话概况ERP的功能:一个管物、管钱的系统。
这么简单?对,就是这么简单!
上面一张图是我画的一个ERP的流程总图,是属于比较简单的一张图,目的是拨云见日,只保留了主体部分,一眼能看的清楚。
图中有红、蓝、绿三个颜色通道,分别代表信息流、物流和现金流。任何一个企业都是从供应商处买东西,生产加工增加附加值(也有的企业没有生产加工,只是买和卖),卖东西给客户,货物流转的过程我们称为“物流”。这个过程还有个前导流程,客户买东西,需要下订单给我们,我们从供应商处采购需要下订单给供应商,这个过程,我们成为“信息流 ”。物流的同时还会产生一个产生利润的流程是“现金流”,这个是同物流反向运行的,正所谓“一手交钱,一手交货”,如此产生交易。
这么看起来,ERP好像就是进销存系统和财务系统的结合体,ERP将“物流”和“现金流”融合,在“物流”和“现金流”产生时,自动生成财务凭证,计入财务分录,这就是所谓的“业财一体化”。
再回过头来看下“企业资源计划”这个名字,企业、资源上面我们都谈到了,那么计划体现在哪里了?这里是重点!我们要介绍另外一个名词:MRP!又来一个新名词,没办法,谈ERP必然要谈MRP,MRP是ERP的核心,但是很多企业实施ERP后MRP运行的并不理想,也可能直接没有用起来,MRP成了ERP的高阶功能,但是这个提法不严谨,从ERP的历史看,ERP其实是从MRP发展而来的!没有了MRP的ERP就没有了灵魂。
MRP前期的叫法是物料需求计划(Meterial Requirements Planning),后期叫制造需求计划(Manufacturing Requirements Planning),现在我们看到计划的影子了。
设想,我们现在仓库里有一堆的物料、半成品和成品,还有一些生产中和未开工的订单,还有一些在途的和未下单的采购单,那么我们如何确定什么时候需要采购哪些物料,采购多少?
如果我们的企业规模很小,通过人工估算也能应对,但是当企业规模增大,产品种类繁多,再考虑可替代料的情况,还需要考虑采购周期,最小采购量等限制条件,需要非常复杂的计算才可以,这是人工难以处理且非常容易出错的事情。
企业管理中,订单交付率、库存周转率是重要的指标,哪个企业家都希望每个客户的订单都及时交付,库存尽量不要挤压,存货越少越好,这两个指标都是跟利润紧密相关的。要达成目标又要面对复杂的物料需求的运算,只能靠系统,这就是MRP要做的。
这次的内容我们就介绍这么多,如果你之前对ERP不熟悉,那么记住一条:ERP就是对企业内的资源(物+钱)进行管理的IT系统,包括信息流、物流、现金流的记录,还包括使用MRP做物料需求计划。那么对ERP的本质就基本了解了。
中英:
我相信大多数的企业管理者都或多或少接触过ERP,或者至少听说过ERP,毕竟ERP作为多年前就开始成为企业信息化的主力和核心管理系统,大多数的大中型企业已经实施甚至多次实施过ERP系统。当然,如果你从来没有听到过ERP这个词,也没关系,这里就给大家做一个科普。
I know there’re a lot of managers in enterprise know ERP more or less, at least heard about it. After all, ERP which is the core management system for enterprise informatization many years before, is implemented once even more times in some large and medium company. Of course, it’s no problem that you haven’t hear the word ERP. I’ll give you a popularization of science about that.
ERP系统涉及企业生产、计划、仓库、市场、采购、财务等多个主要部门的业务,内部逻辑也非常复杂,一篇短文没法面面俱到,但是我尽量使用最简单,最通俗易懂的话将ERP的基本内容给解释清楚。
ERP system includes a lot of main business of departments’ like manufacturing, planning, warehouse, marketing, purchasing and finance, etc. It’s pretty complex to understand the inner logic of ERP. And it’s hard to explain all expect of that, but I’ll try to explain basic content using simple and easy to understand way.
ERP是企业资源计划(Enterprise Resource Planning)的缩写,“企业资源计划”这个中文名平常没人会这么称呼,因为它是从英文直译过来的,听起来极其拗口,不过我们可以简单看一下其中的关键词:企业、资源和计划,这里先不分析为什么会有这个名字,我们先从它的系统功能说起,后面自然而然就可以理解。
ERP is the short name of Enterprise Resource Planning, Enterprise Resource Planning is not usually used in Chinse. Because it’s hard to say. But we could look at the key works in it: Enterprise, Resource and Planning. Here, we don’t talk about where this name from. We start to talk about the functions of ERP, and then we’ll know the meaning of its name.
首先我用一句话概况ERP的功能:一个管物、管钱的系统。
First, I’ll use a sentence to summarize the function of ERP: A system to manage material and money.
这么简单?对,就是这么简单!
It’s so easy, right? Yes!
上面一张图是我画的一个ERP的流程总图,是属于比较简单的一张图,目的是拨云见日,只保留了主体部分,一眼能看的清楚。
The picture above is a total diagram of ERP’s process. It’s a kind of simple one, only retains main part, for can be known at a glance.
图中有红、蓝、绿三个颜色通道,分别代表信息流、物流和现金流。任何一个企业都是从供应商处买东西,生产加工增加附加值(也有的企业没有生产加工,只是买和卖),卖东西给客户,货物流转的过程我们称为“物流”。这个过程还有个前导流程,客户买东西,需要下订单给我们,我们从供应商处采购需要下订单给供应商,这个过程,我们成为“信息流 ”。物流的同时还会产生一个产生利润的流程是“现金流”,这个是同物流反向运行的,正所谓“一手交钱,一手交货”,如此产生交易。
There’re three channels respectively are red, blue and green on the diagram, stand for information flow, logistics and cash flow. Any enterprise buys goods from suppliers, produces and processes those to add additional value (some enterprise don’t do that and just buy and sell), and sell goods to clients. This is Logistics called for that. There is a pre-progress of Logistics, which clients need to send us the order when they want to buy goods and we also need to send purchase order to supplier when we want to buy materials. This is Information flow we called. And otherwise, there is another flow we call it Cash flow, which is opposite of Logistics, says A hand paid, a hand delivered. So a deal built.
这么看起来,ERP好像就是进销存系统和财务系统的结合体,ERP将“物流”和“现金流”融合,在“物流”和“现金流”产生时,自动生成财务凭证,计入财务分录,这就是所谓的“业财一体化”。
So we could see, ERP is a system combine with purchase-sell-stock system and financial system. It mix Logistic and Cash-flow together. The proof of finance will be created automatically and will be into accounting entries when these two flow are created. This is called Integration of Business and Finance.
再回过头来看下“企业资源计划”这个名字,企业、资源上面我们都谈到了,那么计划体现在哪里了?这里是重点!我们要介绍另外一个名词:MRP!又来一个新名词,没办法,谈ERP必然要谈MRP,MRP是ERP的核心,但是很多企业实施ERP后MRP运行的并不理想,也可能直接没有用起来,MRP成了ERP的高阶功能,但是这个提法不严谨,从ERP的历史看,ERP其实是从MRP发展而来的!没有了MRP的ERP就没有了灵魂。
Let’s come back to look at the name Enterprise Resource Planning. We’ve talked about Enterprise and Resource, but where the Planning? It’s the key point! We would introduce another phrase: MRP! Another more phrase? Yeah, we have to include MRP when we are talking ERP, because MRP is the core of ERP. But it’s disappointing that MRP is not applied well in lots of companies and even not running totally. MRP becomes a high level function of ERP, but the say is not precise because ERP came from MRP according to the history of ERP. ERP will lose soul if there is no MRP.
MRP前期的叫法是物料需求计划(Material Requirements Planning),后期叫制造需求计划(Manufacturing Requirements Planning),现在我们看到计划的影子了。
MRP is called Material Requirements Planning before, and Manufacturing Requirements Planning after. Here, we see the shadow of Plan.
设想,我们现在仓库里有一堆的物料、半成品和成品,还有一些生产中和未开工的订单,还有一些在途的和未下单的采购单,那么我们如何确定什么时候需要采购哪些物料,采购多少?
Image that there are piles of materials, semi-finished product and finished product in our warehouse. And also need to think about the orders and purchase orders, so how could we decide which materials to buy, when to buy and how many materials to buy?
如果我们的企业规模很小,通过人工估算也能应对,但是当企业规模增大,产品种类繁多,再考虑可替代料的情况,还需要考虑采购周期,最小采购量等限制条件,需要非常复杂的计算才可以,这是人工难以处理且非常容易出错的事情。
We could handle it manually if the enterprise scale is small. But if the scale is big and variety of product is numerous, and consider some limit conditions such as substitute materials, purchase term, minimum purchase quantity, it needs very complicated compute to handle it, so it’s hard for manual work and it’s easy to make a mistake.
企业管理中,订单交付率、库存周转率是重要的指标,哪个企业家都希望每个客户的订单都及时交付,库存尽量不要挤压,存货越少越好,这两个指标都是跟利润紧密相关的。要达成目标又要面对复杂的物料需求的运算,只能靠系统,这就是MRP要做的。
Order delivery rate and Inventory turnover are import indicators in enterprise management. Every entrepreneur want deliver orders to his client on time and don’t squeeze inventory. These two indicators are both close to profit of company. To arrive that target, and deal with the complex calculate of material requirements, we have to use IT systems, this is what MRP does.
这次的内容我们就介绍这么多,如果你之前对ERP不熟悉,那么记住一条:ERP就是对企业内的资源(物+钱)进行管理的IT系统,包括信息流、物流、现金流的记录,还包括使用MRP做物料需求计划。那么对ERP的本质就基本了解了。
We just talk these above this time. If you are not familiar about ERP, just remember: ERP is a IT system to manage resource (fund and materials) in enterprise, includes Information flow, logistics and cash flow’s records, and includes the planning function what MRP does. Then we could understand the nature of ERP.
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